The normal biochemical reactions in our body, increased exposure to the environment, and higher levels of dietary xenobiotic's result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The ROS and RNS create oxidative stress in different pathophysiological conditions. The reported chemical evidence suggests that dietary antioxidants help in disease prevention. The antioxidant compounds react in one-electron reactions with free radicals in vivo/in vitro and prevent oxidative damage. Therefore, it is very important to understand the reaction mechanism of antioxidants with the free radicals. This review elaborates the mechanism of action of the natural antioxidant compounds and assays for the evaluation of their antioxidant activities. The reaction mechanisms of the antioxidant assays are briefly discussed (165 references). Practical applications: understanding the reaction mechanisms can help in evaluating the antioxidant activity of various antioxidant compounds as well as in the development of novel antioxidants.
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Policies in these domains may have different impacts on the diets of lower and higher SEP groups. To support government decision-making, it is important to evaluate food environment policies in terms of their impact on socioeconomic inequalities in diets [14]. In addition, it is important to assess the potential of programs and interventions that can inform further policy development. A number of systematic reviews on food and nutrition policies that include an inequality perspective have been published the last decade, in particular regarding food pricing policies [15,16,17]. In a recent umbrella review, Thomson et al. reviewed a broad range of public health policies on health inequalities in high-income countries [18]. They assessed both primary and secondary prevention policies according to different delivery mechanisms (e.g., fiscal, regulation and education within primary prevention) and across eight policy domains including food and nutrition policies [18]. According to this study, taxes for unhealthy foods and targeted food subsidy programs, both fiscal delivery mechanisms, were effective in reducing health inequalities. On the other hand, free fruit provision in schools, another fiscal mechanism, did not influence health inequalities. For regulatory mechanisms, policies for salt reduction and trans-fat restrictions were found to be equally effective in all socioeconomic groups and therefore did not influence inequalities in outcomes. For calorie labelling on menus, mixed results were reported [18]. 2ff7e9595c
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