Offscreen: I just want to ask about another thing that I found very interesting about 4bia that made it different from other Asian horror and ghost story films. In the majority of Asian horror films and ghost stories the ghosts are female and that is bound up in tradition, culture and folklore, and has now become a cinematic convention. In 4bia three of the four ghosts are male, so I was wondering if that was just a coincidence that was arrived at individually or were you conscious of changing that up, because as a viewer it feels a little strange to see a male ghost. I think we are conditioned to it being a woman, preferably with long dark hair. In 90% of Asian ghost films the ghost is female. This is the case also in your two feature films Shutter and Alone. But not in 4Bia, where three of the four stories feature male ghosts. Was this a conscious choice to make it different, or just a coincidence?
Shutter 2004 Horror Movie Dual Audio
Banjong Pisanthanakun and Parkpoom Wongpoom: Yes we have hit a bit of an oversaturated point now with horror, but when we get a good idea we still want to do it. We do see a lot of horror movies from Asia and other countries and a lot of them are getting pretty stale, but once in a while you get something that is very good. So we have reached a point where we are little bored with it but we are still hopeful that we can find an interesting story out of the genre. We also find it a challenge to try to find a story that people will get excited about again.
Shutter is a 2004 Thai supernatural horror film by Banjong Pisanthanakun and Parkpoom Wongpoom; starring Ananda Everingham, Natthaweeranuch Thongmee, and Achita Sikamana. It focuses on mysterious images seen in developed pictures. The film was a huge box office success, making it one of the best known horror movies from Thailand and recognized worldwide.
Another approach, the multimodal-based method, has also been researched. Baumgartner et al. researched methods of measuring the change of emotion (elicited using pictures and classical music) based on various physiological signals [13]. Cheng et al. studied emotion recognition using photoplethysmography (PPG), electromyography (EMG), ECGs, galvanic skin response (GSR) and temperature [14]. Additionally, Chun et al. researched emotion recognition using various physiological signals, such as skin conductance (SC), blood volume pressure, skin temperature (ST), EMG and respiration [15]. These methods have the advantage of higher accuracy compared with single-modality-based methods, because the use of more than two modalities can increase the credibility of measurements. Most previous multimodal-based methods used various physiological signals; however, they have disadvantages in that the performance can be affected by head or body movements, and they can cause inconvenience to the user, because of the attachment of sensors to the body. Among various kinds of emotion evaluation, accurate evaluation of fear is crucial in many applications, such as criminal psychology, intelligent surveillance systems and the objective evaluation of horror movies.
Figure 2 shows the experimental environment and system used in our research. The horror movie was displayed on a 60-in. smart TV with a resolution of 1920 1280 pixels. We obtained the EEG signals, facial temperature and eye blinking rate of subjects using an EEG device, dual (visible-light and thermal) cameras and a high-speed camera [20], respectively.
Comparison of delta and beta waves before and after watching a horror movie. (a) Change in delta waves; (b) change in beta waves; (c) change in the ratio of delta to beta waves.
Figure 12 shows the experimental procedure for acquiring data to measure fear. To accurately measure the change in fear, the data for EEG signals, facial temperature, eye blinking rate and score on the subjective evaluation were acquired before and after watching the horror movie. The subjective evaluation score was acquired using a questionnaire that included the five questions shown in Table 3. The five questions of Table 3 were developed based on previous studies [34]. Each participant gave the answer to each question on a scale from 1 to 10 points. One and 10 points mean the minimum and maximum levels, respectively.
The average score of the subjective test after watching the horror movie was higher than that before watching the movie, as shown in Figure 13 and Table 4. The statistical analysis was conducted using an independent unequal variance, two-sample t-test [35], which is typically used for hypothesis testing. The calculated p-value from the t-test is 0.000092, which is less than 0.01 (a confidence level of 99%). From that, the null-hypothesis (that the subjective evaluation scores are the same before and after watching the horror movie) can be rejected. The two subjective evaluation scores before and after watching the horror movie are significantly different at a confidence level of 99%. In addition, we can confirm that the horror movie used in our experiment is effective for generating fear in the participants.
Figure 14 and Table 5 show the facial temperature of facial feature regions before and after watching the horror movie. Figure 14 indicates a decrease in facial temperature after watching the horror movie in all facial feature regions. The calculated p-value for facial temperature before and after watching the movie is 0.00017 in the average of all regions, which is less than 0.01 (a confidence level of 99%). Therefore, we can confirm that the facial temperature is significantly reduced after watching the horror movie, at a confidence level of 99%. In addition, the facial temperature of the right cheek region has the lowest p-value (at 0.00006), as shown in Table 5. Our results regarding the decrease in facial temperature in the case of fear are consistent with the results of previous research [12].
Figure 15 and Table 6 show the analyzed eye blinking rate before watching the horror movie and during the last 1 min of watching the movie. As shown in Figure 15, the eye blinking rate increased in the last 1 min while watching the horror movie compared to the eye blinking rate before watching it. The calculated p-value by the t-test is 0.6533, which is larger than the significance levels of 99% (0.01) or 95% (0.05). Therefore, eye blinking rate did not show a statistically-significant difference before watching the horror movie and in the last 1 min while watching.
In our experiment, we already performed the experiments with the video clip having the same length and emotionally-neutral content to the subjects before performing the experiments with the horror movie. It is usually difficult to objectively define the video clip of emotionally-neutral content to the subjects. Therefore, in order to guarantee the credibility of neutral content, 203 images of emotionally-neutral content were selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), because the IAPS images have been widely used as the experimental image for causing a variety of emotions in subjects [10,13,38]. According to the instruction by the IAPS, the experimental images of the IAPS cannot be shown in our paper [38]. With the 203 images from the IAPS, we made the video clip having the same length (about 23 min, as shown in Figure 12) by iterating these images. Through the experiments with the same 16 subjects (which participated in the previous experiments of measuring fear emotion) and the same experimental protocol of Figure 12, we obtained the following four results.
Figure 17 shows the comparison of subjective evaluation scores before and after watching the video clip of emotionally-neutral content to the subjects. For the subjective evaluation of Figure 17, we used the same questionnaire of Table 3 with the same scale (from 1 to 10) of score. As shown in Figure 17, the average score (about 1.4) of the subjective test after watching the video clip was similar to that (about 1.0) before watching the video clip. However, the average score (about 4.1) of the subjective test after watching the horror movie was much different from that (about 1.2) before watching the horror movie, as shown in Figure 13. From this, we can find that the difference (about 2.9) between the scores of the subjective test before and after watching the horror movie is much larger than that (about 0.4) before and after watching the video clip of neutral emotion.
Figure 18 shows the comparison of facial temperatures before and after watching the video clip of emotionally-neutral content to the subjects. Because the change of facial temperature of the right cheek was used in previous experiments of measuring fear emotion due to its lowest p-value, as shown in Table 5, the change of facial temperature of the right cheek is also compared in the experiment using the video clip of neutral content. In addition, the same scale of facial temperature values was used for a fair comparison. As shown in Figure 18, the average value (about 15,145) of the facial temperature after watching the video clip was similar to that (about 15,149.6) before watching the video clip. However, the average value (about 15,037.8) of the facial temperature after watching the horror movie was much different from that (about 15,116.7) before watching the horror movie, as shown in Figure 14. From this, we can find that the difference (about 78.9) between the average values of the facial temperature before and after watching the horror movie is much larger than that (about 4.6) before and after watching the video clip of neutral emotion.
Figure 19 shows the comparison of eye blinking rate before and in the last 1 min of watching the video clip of emotionally-neutral content to the subjects. For a fair comparison, eye blinking rate is measured as the number of open to closed eyes for a duration of 1 min like the previous experiments for measuring the fear emotion. As shown in Figure 19, the average value (about 17.3) of the eye blinking rate in the last 1 min of watching the video clip was similar to that (about 17) before watching the video clip. However, the average value (about 25.9) of the eye blinking rate in the last 1 min of watching the horror movie was much different from that (about 23.8) before watching the horror movie, as shown in Figure 15. From this, we can find that the difference (about 2.1) between the average values of the eye blinking rate before and in the last 1 min of watching the horror movie is much larger than that (about 0.3) before and in the last 1 min of watching the video clip of neutral emotion. 2ff7e9595c
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